Hawaii's Department of Health (DOH) recently confirmed a second travel-related case of dengue fever in 2025, highlighting the ongoing need for vigilance and preventative measures against this mosquito-borne illness. While this case underscores the risk of dengue transmission through travel, it's crucial to understand the specifics and what steps individuals can take to protect themselves. This isn't the first time Hawaii has faced dengue outbreaks, and understanding the history and current situation is key to staying informed and safe.
What is Dengue Fever?
Dengue fever is a viral infection transmitted to humans through the bite of infected Aedes mosquitoes. These are aggressive daytime biters, unlike the mosquitoes that carry diseases like malaria. Symptoms can range from mild to severe and typically appear four to ten days after the bite. Common symptoms include high fever, headache, muscle and joint pain (hence the nickname "breakbone fever"), rash, and mild bleeding. In severe cases, dengue can progress to dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) or dengue shock syndrome (DSS), which can be life-threatening. There is no specific treatment for dengue fever; treatment focuses on managing symptoms and preventing complications.
How is Dengue Transmitted?
Dengue is primarily transmitted through the bite of infected Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes. These mosquitoes breed in standing water, so eliminating potential breeding sites is crucial in dengue prevention. Importantly, the second case reported in Hawaii is travel-related, meaning the individual contracted the virus elsewhere and brought it to Hawaii. The virus itself is not transmitted from person to person.
Is there a risk of local transmission in Hawaii?
While the recent cases are travel-related, the possibility of local transmission always exists. The DOH is actively monitoring the situation and taking steps to prevent the spread. Local transmission would require an infected mosquito to bite someone in Hawaii, then another person. This is why mosquito control and public awareness are so vital.
What are the symptoms of dengue fever?
Symptoms of dengue fever can vary, but commonly include:
- High fever
- Severe headache
- Muscle and joint pain
- Rash
- Mild bleeding (nosebleeds, gum bleeding)
If you experience these symptoms after traveling to an area with dengue, seek immediate medical attention.
How can I protect myself from dengue fever in Hawaii?
Protecting yourself from mosquito bites is paramount. Effective measures include:
- Using EPA-registered insect repellents containing DEET, picaridin, IR3535, or oil of lemon eucalyptus.
- Wearing long-sleeved shirts and long pants, especially during peak mosquito biting times (dawn and dusk).
- Using mosquito netting over beds, especially if sleeping outdoors.
- Eliminating standing water around your home to prevent mosquito breeding.
What is the DOH doing to prevent the spread of dengue?
The Hawaii DOH is actively involved in surveillance, mosquito control, and public education to mitigate the risk of dengue transmission. Their efforts likely include:
- Monitoring mosquito populations.
- Conducting vector control measures (eliminating breeding sites and using larvicides/insecticides).
- Public health campaigns to increase awareness and encourage preventative measures.
- Contact tracing to identify and monitor individuals who may have been exposed.
What should I do if I think I have dengue fever?
If you suspect you may have dengue fever, particularly after traveling, seek immediate medical attention. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial for managing symptoms and preventing complications. Inform your doctor about your recent travel history.
The recent reports should serve as a reminder of the importance of practicing preventative measures against mosquito-borne illnesses. By staying informed, taking precautions, and cooperating with public health initiatives, we can collectively contribute to minimizing the risk of dengue fever in Hawaii. The situation remains under close observation by the DOH, and updates will be provided as they become available.
